fO/S' BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY VOL. XIX 1967 BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) LONDON: 1967 DATES OF PUBLICATION OF THE PARTS No. i . . .16 January 1967 No. 2 . . . . . .28 February 1967 No. 3 . . . . .18 April 1967 No. 4 . . J 8 April 1967 No. 5 2 June 1967 No. 6 . . . . . .2 June 1967 PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY ADLARD AND SON LIMITED DORKING, SURREY CONTENTS ENTOMOLOGY VOLUME XIX No. i. The Phlebotomine sand-flies of West Pakistan (Diptera: Psychodidae) . By D. J. LEWIS i No. 2. A revision of the genus Palorus (sens, lat.) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) . By D. G. H. HALSTEAD 59 No. 3. A survey of the extra-Ethiopian Oretinae (Lepidoptera : Drepanidae). By A. WATSON 149 No. 4. Collecting in Turkey 1959, 1960 and 1962. By K. M. GUICHARD & D. H. HARVEY 223 No. 5. Hymenoptera from Turkey. Sphecidae, I. By J. DE BEAUMONT Appendix Sphex Linne, Subgenus Palmodes Kohl. By P. ROTH 253 No. 6. Hymenoptera from Turkey. Sphecidae, II (Genera Astata Latreille and Tachy sphex Kohl). By W. J. PULAWSKI 383 Index to Volume XIX 411 12 JAN THE PHLEBOTOMINE SAND-FLIES* OF WEST PAKISTAN (DIPTERA : PSYCHODIDAE) D. J. LEWIS BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 19 No. i LONDON: 1967 THE PHLEBOTOMINE SAND-FLIES OF WEST PAKISTAN (DIPTERA : PSYCHODIDAE) OF WEST PAKISTAN \ BY D. J. LEWIS y . , Scientific Staff, Medical Research Council, Lglndon, c/o British Museum (Nat. Hist.) Pp. 1-57, 136 Text-figs., i Map BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 19 No. i LONDON: 1967 THE PHLEBOTOMINE SAND-FLIES 12 JAN 1967 OF WEST PAKISTAN (DIPTERA : PSYCHODIDAE) BY D.J.LEWI^ Scientific Staff, Medical Research Council, Lgjndon, c/o British Museum (Nat. Hist.) Pp. 1-57, 136 Text-figs., i Map BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 19 No. i LONDON: 1967 THE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), instituted in 1949, is issued in five series corresponding to the Departments of the Museum, and an Historical series. Parts will appear at irregular intervals as they become ready. Volumes will contain about three or four hundred pages, and will not necessarily be completed within one calendar year. In 1965 a separate supplementary series of longer papers was instituted, numbered serially for each Department. This paper is Vol. 19, No. i of the Entomological series. The abbreviated titles of periodicals cited follow those of the World List of Scientific Periodicals. World List abbreviation : Bull. Br. Mus. not. Hist. Entomology. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History) 1967 TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) Issued 1 6 January, 1967 Price r 35. THE PHLEBOTOMINE SAND-FLIES OF WEST PAKISTAN 1 (DIPTERA : PSYCHODIDAE) By D. J. LEWIS CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION ........... 3 METHODS ........... 4 CLASSIFICATION .......... 6 KEYS TO SPECIES KNOWN FROM WEST PAKISTAN ..... 8 TAXONOMY AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES . . . . . 12 ZOOGEOGRAPHY ........... 46 BIOLOGY ............ 49 RELATION TO DISEASE . . . . . . . . .51 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .......... 52 REFERENCES ........... 53 INDEX TO SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES ....... 57 SYNOPSIS Some aspects of classification are discussed, and keys to the known species are given. Most of the species are described or redescribed, and distribution lists are provided. Zoogeography is discussed with special reference to the 29 species and one local subspecies found hitherto. The interpenetration of eastern and western faunas has been increased by the Himalayan mountain system. Notes are given on aspects of biology and relation to human disease. INTRODUCTION IN May and June 1959 Professor H. C. Barnett collected many thousands of sand- flies during studies on sand-fly fever and other viruses (Barnett & Suyemoto, 1961) and kept as samples 9,900 which he asked me to identify, together with specimens collected in the Keris area by Lieut. Col. M. I. Burney and Lieut. Col. J. E. Scanlon. Professor Barnett arranged with the Pakistan Medical Research Centre for me to make a survey from I3th May to 30th June, 1963, and I visited Lahore, Rawalpindi, Taxila, Peshawar, Saidu Sharif, Bahrein, Kalam, Abbottabad, Nathia Gali, Gilgit, Chilas, Skardu, Keris, Karachi and neighbouring areas. Mr. W. A. McDonald contributed sand-flies from Lahore, Gujrat and Mir Muhammad. All the specimens numbered 11,100, and I have also examined many in the British Museum collected by the late Brigadier J. A. Sinton during his pioneer studies of the Phlebotominae. 1 This investigation was supported in part by U.S. Public Health Service Research Grants TW-ooi42-o6 and A 1-05589-03 from the Division of General Medical Sciences and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, respectively. The work is based largely on collections made by Professor Herbert C. Barnett, now Director of the Institute of International Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, U.S.A., and on a survey made by the author under the auspices of the Pakistan Medical Research Centre, Lahore. ENTOM. 19, i, I 4 D. J. LEWIS West Pakistan (Text-fig, i), including northern Kashmir, comprises the great alluvial plain of the Indus and its tributaries in Sind and West Punjab, the hills and plateaux south-west of Peshawar, and the high mountains and valleys of the north. The northern mountains radiate from the Pamirs and comprise parts of the Hindu Rush, Karakoram and Himalayan ranges. South of the Himalayas the climate is tropical and is dominated by the rhythm of the monsoons, but the rainfall is low and much of the area is cold in winter. North of the Punjab there are intermittent wet days in summer, and forest begins at about 1400 metres. The Himalayas stand in the path of the monsoon, so that the Karakoram is part of the central Asian desert. In the Gilgit and Skardu areas the general arid conditions contrast with narrow valleys of streams fed by vast areas of melting snow. Weak depressions from the Mediterranean (Bharadwaj, 1961) cause light winter rains in the north and some of the Himalayan snowfall. The area is described in the Imperial Gazetteer of India (1907) and briefly by Schmid (1958). Prater (1965 : 21) indicates the plant zones, and Mani (1962), Lorimer (1939) and Maraini (1961) describe the western Himalayas and the country around Gilgit and Skardu respectively. METHODS Collecting. Sand-flies resting in houses were usually collected with a suction catcher, and some were taken by Mr. McDonald around Mir Muhammad in routine pyre thrum-spray catches of mosquitoes and on cattle. Most outdoor catches in 1963 were made with sticky traps. They consisted of pieces of paper about 10 X 16-5 cm. smeared with castor oil and supported by cleft sticks about 28 cm. long, and were placed before dusk near animal burrows, rock crevices and other likely places. Two hundred and fifty ml. of oil sufficed for about 100 traps. Five hundred and forty were set, on 25 nights, and yielded 419 flies (from o to 2-6 per trap per locality average 0-8), whereas the maximum on a single trap in Iran in June, 1960 (Lewis et al., 1961) was 132. The low numbers in Pakistan were probably due partly to the preceding cold winter and, near Karachi, to wind. Some sand-flies were driven from termite hills with tobacco smoke and caught in a fine-mesh black net, and a few were taken in a Damasceno-type trap, but this is more suitable for forest country where it can be slung from trees. Preservation. Many specimens were preserved dry in vials or cardboard boxes, with tissue paper or cotton-wool to prevent shaking. Others were stranded in plastic vials and wetted with a few drops of gum-chloral mounting medium. Mounting. Dry specimens were put in tap water containing one per cent of domestic detergent (to wet them), which was heated to about 85 C. for four minutes to remove bubbles. Specimens were roughly sorted according to external characters, including size, colour and, in the case of male Sergentomyia, the shape of the abdomen. Most of the flies were mounted in gum-chloral medium composed of distilled water (20 ml.), gum acacia (16 gm.), chloral hydrate (140 gm.), glycerol (12-6 gm.) and acetic acid (6-3 gm.), beneath circular cover-glasses I cm. in diameter and o-i mm. thick. The mounts were allowed to dry partially for a few months, or kept over silica gel PHLEBOTOMINE SAND-FLIES OF WEST PAKISTAN * ' ' */ '/ t / * \\Bflhrtfin / ^"} r> * C-- X/N' ^^-^ /" \ / ' * / / *. : '/: : : ''l ; >''fa.'-'s- '.' (''/,/, S'- Londi Kotol ilL X r? 1 ." / ' T*/Khonki '.''/.- '.'.''''' FIG. i . Showing places mentioned in the text. 6 D. J. LEWIS for a few days, and ringed with Euparal. An oven was not used because it involves the risk of over-drying or overheating. Three beads, each I mm. high, were attached with Euparal to each slide to protect the cover glasses, so that many slides could be stored in drawers without slots. In mounts of this kind the specimens remain soft and flexible, and suitable for reorientation of particular structures. The soft parts become invisible without being destroyed, as they are by caustic potash, so that a specimen keeps its shape and can even be sectioned to show the position and general structure of internal organs. The cibarium and pharynx were examined in situ in ventral view. The sper- mathecal ducts of many previously mounted specimens were examined. For this purpose they were extracted by wetting, and mounted temporarily in an equal mixture of water and gum-choral to give a suitable refractive index. In the case of some very delicate species tergite 9 and sternite 8 were removed. In damp climates where gum-chloral mounts may require too much attention fairly good results can be obtained by mounting in Euparal after dehydration in alcohol up to 95 per cent. Various methods of staining after maceration give a very clear picture of certain chitinous structures but they hide colour variation and the natural appearance of the insect as seen in freshly dissected flies. CLASSIFICATION The term sand-fly is used here for species of the tribe Phlebotomini, as defined by Fairchild (1955), other than Hertigia and Warileya. The classification of the sand-flies, the names of certain structures, and various taxonomic expressions are discussed by Kirk and Lewis (1951), Fairchild (1955), Theodor (1958), Quate (1964), Abonnenc & Minter (1965) and others. At present some authors place all sand- flies, of both Old and New Worlds, in one genus Phlebotomus, and others divide them into several genera. The system of Theodor (1948, 1958) is used here. It is often hard to delimit species and subspecies of Phlebotominae. Cross- mating is difficult, the early stages of most species are unknown, and knowledge of distribution is limited by the need for special collecting methods. Furthermore, some characters are less precise than they seem. For instance, when the cibarial teeth are counted in situ in the normal way some lateral ones may be hidden. If the head is flattened the specimen is damaged and the lateral teeth may be found to merge imperceptibly into spicules and become impossible to count exactly. Measure- ments of the pharynx are often used, but it may be soft and flexible and its hind end is difficult to define. Various difficulties are illustrated by the recent treatment of the Sergentomyia squamipleuris complex by experienced entomologists. Theodor and Mesghali (1964) recognized four species and one subspecies, and Quate (1962^, 1964) placed all forms in one species. Fortunately, however, the small size of sand- flies and the practice of mounting them all on slides make it possible to amass large but compact collections for the study of variation and distribution, and the cibarial teeth provide useful characters for most Old World species. Morphology. This is described in several standard works, and the following notes refer to particular features. PHLEBOTOMINE SAND-FLIES OF WEST PAKISTAN 7 All the scales of at least one species have petioles (Nicoli, 1956), and many of the petioles in two species (P. kandelakii and P. chinensis} are distinctive. There is some variation in the cibaria of Phlebotomus species, particularly the degree of visibility of the spicules or teeth, the hind margin of the ventral plate, and the chitinous arch. The cibarial teeth of most species of Sergentomyia are clearly seen but those of S. bailyi are much less conspicuous than those of P. colabaensis. The punctiform teeth, denticles, or nodules in front of the main cibarial teeth of Sergentomyia are often called vertical teeth but this term is seldom used here because they have also been termed horizontal teeth. The posterior bulge (Text-fig. 9) in the dorsal wall of the cibarium of most American phlebotomines has been used by Theodor (19650) as an important character for distinguishing them from Old World sand-flies. This seems to be a useful character but should be used with care because some Pakistan and other Old World species, particularly in the genus Phlebotomus, have a somewhat similar bulge (Text-figs. 3, 6, 8, 35, 84, 85 etc.). In most of these species the bulge is usually asymmetrical and evidently flexible, so that its appearance depends on method of preparation and angle of view. It tends to be less pronounced than in American species, and dome- shaped rather than mitre-shaped when seen in lateral view after removal of the sides of the head. In Phlebotomus there is an additional bulge in the region of the chitinous arch. The length of the labrum was measured from the tip of the clypeus as seen in ventral view. This measurement, which is the approximate length of the structure, is often expressed as the length of the epipharynx, but this terminology is not correct because the epipharynx of insects is the ventral surface of both labrum and clypeus (Matsuda, 1965). In male sand-flies the tip of the labrum is surmounted by a crest, as it may be called, which Grassi (1907) described as a laminetta in P. papatasi. Christophers et al. (1926) referred to it as a " peculiar flattish pad " in P. argentipes, which arises from the median chitinisation. They pointed out that near the base of the labrum this chitinisation lies between the two dilated parts of the lateral pieces, which form the basal bulge. Perfil'ev (1937) observed that the crest was rounded in a species of the subgenus Sergentomyia and terminally spiculated in P. chinensis. The crest often rises to a point which may be termed the summit in distinction from the terminal apex. In females the crest is lacking (Text-fig. 118) and would presumably prevent the labrum from piercing skin. There is a rather indefinite relation between types of crest and certain subgenera or groups of subgenera. In the genus Phleboto- mus the summit hardly ever projects forward, and spicules are easy to see, partly owing to the size of the species ; in subgenera Phlebotomus and Paraphlebotomus the summit is well defined. In the subgenus Sergentomyia the crest is rather similar but the spicules are usually inconspicuous. In most species of Parrotomyia the crest tapers and lacks a definite summit. In the two Pakistan species of Grassomyia and Rondanomyia, and in most Sintonius, the summit is rounded and projects forward. There are minor specific features in some cases, and certain species are characterized by other aspects of the labrum, the size and degree of 8 D. J. LEWIS pubescence of the basal bulge, and the width of the lateral flanges (as seen in lateral view). It is interesting to note that unusual types of labrum occur in the rather unusual species S. squamipleuris , S. pawlowskyi and 5. bailyi. In the palpal ratio the first number indicates the combined lengths of segments I and 2, according to Quate's suggestion, and segment 5 is omitted in some species. Text-fig. 29 shows the junctions of the segments. Palpal segments were not always measured very accurately because this would have involved remounting or flattening many specimens. Wing lengths were measured from the proximal end of the hairy basal bulge of the costa (Text-fig. 73). According to Quate's (1964) suggestion the terms R z , R 2+3 , and R t tip are used instead of alpha, beta and delta. In the males of most African species of Sergentomyia, other than subgenus Sintonius, the abdomen tapers toward the hind end. In a number of Pakistan species, however, tergite 6 is more or less enlarged so that the terminalia spring from a truncated end. This enlargement is often associated with absence of true hairs and the presence of large microtrichia. The hair-like structures at the apex of the spermatheca are here termed gland ducts. As suggested by Quate, the terms " basistyle " and " dististyle " (discussed by Van Emden and Hennig, 1956, and Prasad and Grover, 1963) are used for " coxite " and " style ", and " surstyle " for " lateral lobe ". The name " sand-fly ". According to Murray (1888) this term was published for the first time by Walter (1748) who used it for insects which attacked members of Anson's expedition on the island of Santa Catarina, Brazil, in 1740. These were probably Culicoides, breeding in water but biting near sandy beaches. The name evidently did not originate from the Portuguese word for these flies or from the vernacular word discussed by Lane (1942) in his comments on the work of G. Marcgravius which was first published in 1648. The name "sand-fly " came to be used in several parts of the world, including India (Adams, 1867, p. 59 ; Annandale, 1910), for various small biting flies. It became adopted as the usual English word for phlebotomines in some of the dry parts of Pakistan, India and the Mediterranean area, probably because the dusty conditions made the name seem appropriate, man-biting midges and simuliids were generally scarce or absent, and the extensive researches on leishmaniasis in these areas focussed attention on the phlebotomines. In Iran they are called pasheh khaki, " earth-coloured mosquitoes ", but the English name for these inconspicuous flies does not seem to be due to their colour. KEYS TO THE SPECIES KNOWN FROM WEST PAKISTAN The following keys are based partly on Theodor's (1958) keys to the Palaearctic species, and should be used with the knowledge that additional species may be found in West Pakistan (Table I). KEY TO GENERA Cibarium unarmed or with scattered spicules, without pigment patch. Hairs on hind ends of abdominal tergites 2-6 erect, their sockets as large as on i. Dististyle with 4 or 5 spines PHLEBOTOMUS PHLEBOTOMINE SAND-FLIES OF WEST PAKISTAN 9 Cibarium with i or more rows of teeth (scarcely visible in S. bailyi), pigment patch usually present. Hairs on hind ends of abdominal tergites 2-6 recumbent, sockets much smaller than on i, except in a few species which have a few erect hairs. Dististyle with 4 large spines and an accessory ventral seta .... SERGENTOMYIA TABLE I. Some Records of Species which May Occur in West Pakistan. Distance from Species Pakistan, Reference km. Phlebotomus bergeroti Parrot 163 Theodor & Mesghali, 1964 salehi Mesghali, 1965 380 Mesghali, 1965 jacusieli Theodor 527 Mesghali, 1965 mofidii Theodor & Mesghali 740 Theodor & Mesghali, 1964 mongolensis Sinton 373 Dolmatova et al., 1962 eleanorae Sinton 260 Sinton, 1931 a eleanorae Sinton 465 Mesghali, 1965 newsteadi Sinton 212 Sinton, 1926 Sergentomyia sintoni Pringle 315 Mesghali, 1965 p. pawlowskyi Perfil'ev 515 Mesghali, 1965 zeylanica Annandale 212 Sinton, 19286 KEY TO FEMALES OF PHLEBOTOMUS (except P. nuri) 1 Pharyngeal teeth small and punctiform, in rows or curved groups ... 2 Pharyngeal teeth large, spermathecae without long process ..... 5 2 Spermathecae with 30-35 segments, very long. Median pharyngeal teeth larger than lateral ones ....... kandelakii burneyi (p. 17) - Spermathecae with 8-21 segments ......... 3 3 Spermathecae nearly cylindrical, with 1 2-i 6 segments. . . . major (p. 21) Spermathecae with about 18-21 segments, narrowing at one or both ends . . 4 4 Spermathecae with about 18 segments, narrowing towards duct and broad at other end. Hind part of pharynx with small anterior toothed scales and posterior small punctiform teeth ........ keshishiani (p. 19) Spermathecae with about 21 segments, narrowing at both ends . . sp. A (p. 21) 5 Spermathecae incompletely segmented, with indistinct transverse striations chinensis longiductus (p. 21) - Spermathecae segmented ........... 6 6 Pharynx armed with finely toothed scales or a network of lines . . papatasi (p. 14) Pharynx armed partly or wholly with strong backwardly directed teeth or scales . 7 7 Pharyngeal armature with an anterior median group of strong scales or spines, and some scales forming concentric lines ........ 8 Pharyngeal armature composed of large backwardly directed teeth ... 9 8 Spermathecae with terminal segment much larger than the rest, ducts about 3 times as long as spermathecae ....... argentipes (p. 23) - Spermathecal segments equal, ducts very long .... colabaensis (p. 24) 9 Antennal segment 3 short (0-12-0-16 mm.), 0-5-0-6 length of labrum alexandri (p. 15) Antennal segment 3 long (0-23-0-33 mm.), 0-7-1 length of labrum . sergenti (p. 17) D. J. LEWIS KEY TO MALES OF PHLEBOTOMUS (except P. sp. A) Basistyle with a hairy process near its base. Genital filaments short, 1-3-2-3 times length of pump ............ 2 Basistyle without such process .......... 5 Basistyle long (0-37-0-63 mm.) ; basal process small, with few hairs. Dististyle long and cylindrical with 5 spatulate spines, 3 of them terminal. Paramere with 2 long dorsal processes. Surstyles with terminal spines . . . papatasi (p. 14) Basistyle short (0-2-0-33 mm.) ; basal process large or very large with many hairs. Paramere simple without upper process, with flat elliptical upper surface . . 3 Basal process of basistyle very large and thick, with many hairs on its distal third nuri (p. 15) Basal process of basistyle small and thin, with hairs only at the end ... 4 Antennal segment 3 short (0-12-0-16 mm.), 0-7-0-9 length of labrum. Genital pump short (0-12 mm.), with small basal plate ..... alexandri (p. 15) Antennal segment 3 long (0-25-0-34 mm.), 1-1-4 times length of labrum. Genital pump large (0-17-0-2 mm.), with broad basal plate or funnel . . sergenti (p. 17) Dististyle with 4 long spines ....... colabaensis (p. 24) Dististyle with 5 long spines, 2 at the end and 3 in the middle. Genital filaments long, 3-1 1 times length of pump ......... 6 Paramere with 2 ventral lobes; 2 long slender spines on each side of the aedeagus argentipes (p. 23) Paramere without ventral lobes ......... 7 Mid-ventral surface of aedeagus finely serrated, aedeagus tapering gradually to a point through which the genital filaments emerge . . kandelakii burneyi (p. 17) Aedeagus smooth ............ 8 Genital filaments 3-5 times length of pump ..... major (p. 21) Genital filaments 6-1 1 times length of pump ....... 9 Aedeagus with subterminal spike or tooth . . . chinensis longiductus (p. 21) Aedeagus without subterminal spike, narrow .... keshishiani (p. 19) KEY TO FEMALES OF SERGENTOMYIA Spermathecae segmented, ducts long and narrow ...... 2 Spermathecae not segmented but may be indistinctly striated, ducts not long and narrow ............. 5 Cibarium with about 50 teeth or more ...... hospitii (p. 43) Cibarium with about 18 teeth or less .......... 3 Cibarium with about 5 widely spaced teeth .... Christopher si (p. 40) Cibarium with about 12-15 teeth close together ....... 4 Cibarium with 12-15 l n g equal pointed teeth in a straight line. Pharynx with thick walls and an abrupt constriction behind the bulge. 1-4 papillae on antennal segment 3, 1-2 on 4 . . . . . . . . clydei (p. 42) Cibarium with 12 teeth, their points directed upward and usually hidden, outer teeth sloping toward centre. Pharynx thin-walled, narrowing gradually behind bulge, i papilla on antennal segments 3 and 4 . . . tiberiadis (p. 44) Spermathecae with rounded capsules and external spicules. Cibarium with 33-36 parallel teeth in a comb-like row convex posteriorly. Pharynx bulging posteriorly, with well-developed teeth. Antennal segment 3 with no ascoid, i ascoid on segments 4-15 ....... squamipleuris indica (p. 34) Spermathecae smooth ........... 6 Spermathecae with capsules .......... 7 Spermathecae tubular ........... 15 Spermathecal capsules about twice as long as wide ...... 8 PHLEBOTOMINE SAND-FLIES OF WEST PAKISTAN n - Spermathecal capsules nearly spherical . . . . . . 14 8 Spermathecal capsules narrow towards tip ........ 9 Spermathecal capsules nearly elliptical . . . . . . . . 10 9 Cibarial teeth scarcely visible ........ bailyi (p. 38) Cibarium with distinct teeth and lateral groups of denticles; pigment patch with postero-dorsal process ........ montana (p. 39) 10 Cibarium with 2 teeth . . . . . . . . . sp. B (p. 32) Cibarium with 10 or more teeth .... . . n 11 Cibarium with notch in hind end of ventral plate, and 10-30 teeth in a row concave posteriorly ............. 12 Cibarium without notch in hind end of ventral plate ; with about 45-50 nearly equal teeth in a comb-like row ...... africana asiatica (p. 28) 12 Cibarium with about 10-14 teeth, notch shallow. .... shorttii (p. 31) Cibarium with about 16-30 teeth; notch deep . . . . . . . 13 13 Cibarium with about 16-18 teeth ...... baghdadis (p. 30) Cibarium with about 30 teeth ........ babu (p. 28) 14 Pharynx with well developed teeth ...... palestinensis (p. 34) Pharynx with transverse folds or irregular scales .... grekovi (p. 32) 15 Spermathecae with transverse striations. Pharynx with almost invisible spicules pawlowskyi hodgsoni (p. 37) Spermathecae smooth. Pharynx with numerous teeth . . . . . 16 16 Pharynx funnel-shaped, i -5-2 times as long as hind width . . . . . 17 Pharynx conical, 2-5-3 times as long as hind width . . . . . . 18 17 Posterior edge of pharynx sharply denned and deeply indented . punjabensis (p. 27) Posterior edge of pharynx ill-defined and not deeply indented . . theodori (p. 27) 1 8 Cibarium with 4 very large lateral teeth on each side of small central ones, and well- developed vertical teeth ...... dentata dentata (p. 25) Cibarium usually with 5 lateral teeth, which are not as large as in dentata, vertical teeth small ........ dentata arpaklensis (p. 25) KEY TO MALES OF SERGENTOMYIA (except sp. B) 1 Genital filaments widened at tips. Cibarium with internal lateral projections in front of teeth. No ascoid on antennal segment 3. Parameres with rounded or truncated ends. Aedeagus much shorter than parameres and narrowing before tip like short sword. Abdominal tergite 6 narrower and longer than 5 squatnipleuris indica (p. 34) Genital filaments not widened at tips ........ 2 2 Aedeagus thick and finger-shaped ......... 3 Aedeagus conical and gradually tapering ........ 5 3 Parameres hooked ......... punjabensis (p. 27) Parameres with rounded ends .......... 4 4 Aedeagus bluntly pointed ...... dentata dentata (p. 25) Aedeagus with rounded end ... d. arpaklensis (p. 23), theodori (p. 27) 5 Aedeagus with a sharp point .......... 6 Aedeagus with a blunt point .......... 10 6 Pigment patch conspicuous and very well defined. Cibarium with about 34 teeth. Large species .......... hospitii (p. 43) Pigment patch inconspicuous. Cibarium with 30 teeth or fewer .... 7 7 Palpal formula i, 2, 3, 4, 5. Aedeagus triangular, tapering uniformly from the base, long ......... africana asiatica (p. 28) - Palpal formula i, 2, 4, 3, 5. Aedeagus narrowing abruptly behind the base, very narrow apically ............ 8 12 D. J. LEWIS 8 Cibarium with 8 or fewer widely spaced teeth .... christophersi (p. 40) Cibarium with 1 2 or more teeth, close together or in groups . . . . . 9 9 Cibarium with 20-22 small pointed teeth, most in groups of 2-4. Surstyles distinctly longer than parameres. Papilla formula 1-3/3, I ~ 2 /4 - clydei (p. 42) - Cibarium with 12-14 wide teeth. Surstyles only slightly longer than parameres. Papilla formula 1/4 . . . . . . . tiberiadis (p. 44) 10 Paramere with a spine-bearing process on its lower side at the base of the neck. Genital filaments with marked transverse striations . pawlowskyi hodgsoni (p. 37) Paramere without such a process ......... 1 1 11 Cibarium with a patch of teeth on each side of a central row . montana (p. 39) Cibarial teeth not differentiated thus . . . . . . . . . 12 12 Cibarium with well developed teeth in a curve or a straight line . . . . 13 Cibarium with i or 2 rows of pointed teeth, often scarcely visible, in a posteriorly concave row ............ 14 13 Cibarium with 8-12 teeth in a straight line .... palestinensis (p. 34) Cibarium with 14-16 teeth in a posteriorly concave row . . . grekovi (p. 32) 14 Cibarial teeth very indistinct ; hind end of cibarium very broad ; centre of hind end of ventral plate straight when visible; chitinous arch prominent. Abdominal tergite 6 much narrower than 5 ....... bailyi (p. 38) Cibarial teeth often indistinct ; hind end of cibarium not very broad ; centre of hind end of ventral plate concave ; chitinous arch not prominent. Abdominal tergite 6 slightly narrower than 5 . babu (p. 28), baghdadis (p. 30), shorttii (p. 31) TAXONOMY AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES The references in the taxonomic citations have been selected from a large number which may be found in the papers of Sinton (1932, 19336, d), Theodor (1948, 1958), Kirk & Lewis (1951), Quate (1964) and Theodor and Mesghali (1964), and in papers mentioned by them. Descriptions of some species have been published by Theodor (1958), and many were figured by Sinton (1932, 1933^). Some descriptions given below refer to Pakistan forms of variable species, and some others are given here because existing descriptions are old or not readily available. Some descriptions of cibaria and pharynges differ from those of Sinton because he removed them from the head, after maceration and staining. The numbers of ascoids on antennal segments, and numbers of papillae on proximal segments (Parrot, 1953) are omitted unless they are unusual. Hair sockets of females are shown in dorsal views of segment 3, and those of males in lateral views of the hind end of segments 5 and 6. Certain of the structures of minor taxonomic importance, such as the furca, are omitted from descriptions for the sake of brevity. In the sections on distribution, place names from various sources are omitted if they have been listed from earlier sources. Records from places which could not be certainly identified have been omitted, together with some records published before modern methods of identification came into use. Some localities are taken from notes deposited by Sinton in the British Museum. Many specimens were taken in a group of localities and are recorded from the principal one, as follows. Gujrat : Mangowol. Mir Muhammad : Mianwali, Sadhana, Shahzada. Peshawar : Ahmad Khel, Badbher, Bahadur, Bazid Khel, PHLEBOTOMINE SAND-FLIES OF WEST PAKISTAN 13 TABLE II. Percentages of Species of Phlebotomus (Males) and Sergentomyia (Females) in Certain Areas. Italics Indicate Actual Numbers. The Proportions of the Genera and Sexes are Largely Due to Selection After Capture. Houses and Collections Houses sticky Light traps traps Area Lahore R'pindi Peshawar Keris Lahore R'pindi Peshawar Phlebotomus papatasi 84 40-1 92-1 o alexandri 0-6 nun 2-O ser genii 16 51-1 7-9 39-o i ka. burneyi 9-8 keshishiani 1-6 1-2 major 2-7 sp. A o-i c. longiductus 2-2 49'4 argentipes o-i Males 94 853 5363 164 I 2 Total 159 1019 5712 189 114 Sergentomyia d. arpahlensis 0-4 2-2 2 3' 1 theodori o-4 4'5 0-3 I2-I punjabensis 28-9 1-5 2-2 0-3 0-3 o-i babu 22-4 39'i 2-2 baghdadis 30-3 17-0 89-9 I-O 2-2 O-8 shorttii 0-4 sp. B 0-6 palestinensis O-I sq. indica 1-3 7-0 82-9 42-7 72-5 paw. hodgsoni 1-3 2-6 i-o 0-8 bailyi 25-1 0-3 10-4 o-i montana 0-7 2 christophersi 15-8 clydei 0-4 15-4 40*7 10-4 hospitii 5'5 tiberiadis 0-6 Females 76 271 178 4 298 316 662 Total 309 137^ 359 7 454 458 816 Shahb Khel, Sheikh Muhammadi. Rawalpindi : Bakra Mandi. The areas in Table II include the places mentioned and the following. Keris : Gol, Gwadi (or Guari), Parkuta. Lahore : Mir Muhammad. Peshawar : nearby villages. Rawalpindi : Said Pur, Taxila. The locations of certain type specimens are abbreviated as follows. British i 4 D. J. LEWIS Museum (Natural History) : " B.M. (N.H.) ". Department of Parasitology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical School, Jerusalem : " Jerusalem ". PHLEBOTOMUS Rondani Phlebotomus (Phlebotomus) papatasi (Scopoli) (Text-figs. 2-4) Bibio papatasi Scopoli, 1786, Deliciae Florae et Faunae insubricae 1 : 55. Ticini. Phlebotomus papatasii (Gmelin) ; Grassi, 1907 ; Newstead & Sinton, 1921 : 104 [surstyles] ; Sinton, 1 925*1 : 468 [surstyles]. Phlebotomus papatasi (Scopoli) ; Sacca, 1950, Re. 1st. sup. Sanita 13 : 684 [early stages] ; Quate, 1964 ; Schmidt & Schmidt, 1962, 1963. The following notes on Pakistan specimens include particulars for comparison with specimens from other areas. $. Cibarium with a few scattered minute ventral teeth and some lateral spicules; hind margin of ventral plate easily seen; chitinous arch prominent; dorsal wall with 2 bulges. Labrum 0-35 (0-30-0-40) mm. long. Antennal segment 3 is 0-26 (0-24-0-30) mm. long, 1-04 (0-99-1-09) length of 4+5, 0-75 (0-67-0-86) length of labrum; ascoid 0-43 (0-39-0-53) length of segment 4. Palpal segment 3 longer than 4 ; average ratio 10 : 10-0 : 7-3 : 18-9. Wing length 2-25 (2-01-2-57) mm., width 0-6 1 (0-53-0-69) mm.; RZ is 1-5 (1-3-1-6) times length of Rz+z', R\ apex is 0-3 (0-2-0-4) length of RZ. <$. Cibarium very like that of female. Labrum 0-25 (0-22-0-28) mm. long, crest 0-09 as high as length of labrum, sloping upward to summit, truncated or projecting very slightly forward, pubescent near apex. Antennal segment 3 is 0-30 (0-26-0-335) mm. long, i-o (0-9-1-1) times length of 4+5, 1-2 (1-0-1-3) times length of labrum; ascoid is 0-23 (0-20-0-25) length of segment 4. Palpal ratio 10 : 10-4 : 8-4 : 19-0. Wing length 2-14 (1-78-2-40) mm., width 0-52 (0-45-0-63) mm.; RZ is 1-4 (1-2-1-5) times length of Rz+3', RI apex is 0-30 (0-17-0-41) length of RZ- Genital filament about 1-6 times pump length. Surstyles each with 2 terminal spines except in i fly with 2 and 3. Comparison of the above figures with those of the extensive analysis of Egyptian specimens by Schmidt and Schmidt (1963) does not indicate any marked regional variation in this species. The Pakistan figures do show rather long ascoids and wings (easily measurable structures) in the males, but very similar results were ob- tained with 10 males taken in winter at Delgo and Saras in the northern Sudan : ascoid 0-25 (0-22-0-29) length of segment 4 ; wing length 2-20 (2-04-2-34) mm., width 0-56 (0-51-0-62) mm. The difference between Pakistan and Egyptian specimens may be due to individual variation and to seasonal or other local ecological conditions. There are 6 spines on one dististyle of a male from Kashmore, 3 along the shaft instead of 2. Specimens measured. 10 $ and 10 from the Rawalpindi area. Distribution. Newstead & Sinton (1921) : Bannu, Dera Ismail Khan (iii, iv, v, ix, x), Idak, Tank. Sinton (19246) : Kohat, Lahore, Miramshah, Nowshera, Quetta, Rawalpindi, Sinton (19270;) : Jandola, Khirgi, Landi Kotal, Peshawar. Sinton (1932) : scattered all over the plains of the Indo-Pakistan subcontinent, PHLEBOTOMINE SAND-FLIES OF WEST PAKISTAN 15 more especially in hot dry areas ; has been found as far east as Calcutta and as far south as Madras City, but is most common in the north-west. Munir (1963) : Chilas, Gilgit. B.M. (N.H.) : Digri, Jhelum, Kandhkot, Kashmore, Larkana, Mirpur Khas, Shikarpur. Sinton's notes : Chanian, Hyderabad, Jamesabad, Jamrud, Karachi, Khairpur, Pano Aqil, Tando Bago. Present survey : Abbottabad, Mir Muhammad, Said Pur, Taxila. Phlebotomus (Paraphlebotomus) alexandri Sinton (Text-fig. 5) Phlebotomus sergenti var. alexandri Sinton, 19286 : 308. In the one male taken in the present survey the cibarium is very like that of P. papatasi but the teeth are more delicate and the hind margin of the ventral plate is indefinite. The labral crest is obviously pubescent and rises rather abruptly to its rounded non-projecting summit. Antennal segment 3 is 0-154 mm - l n g> '66 length of labrum. The genital pump is 0-13 mm. long. Distribution. Sinton (19286) : Waziristan. Sinton (1932) : western frontier. B.M. (N.H.) : Kambhar [probably Qambar], north-west frontier. Sinton's notes : Dera Ismail Khan, Hyderabad, Kandhkot, Larkana, Shikarpur, Tank. Present survey : Parkuta. This species is widely distributed around the Mediterranean and is apparently always rare (Theodor & Mesghali, 1964), and the same is probably true of West Pakistan. Phlebotomus (Paraphlebotomus) nun sp. n. (Text-figs. 6, 7) $. Unknown. <$. Cibarium with numerous delicate lateral spicules which merge into a group of about 10 small pointed scattered ventral denticles, and about 40 minute spicules in front of them ; chitinous arch well developed ; pigment patch absent ; dorsal wall of cibarium with posterior bulge. Pharynx armed with transverse scale-like ridges and posterior rows of minute denticles. Labrum 0-30 (0-28-0-34) mm. long, crest pubescent and non-projecting as in P. sergenti. Antennal segment 3 is 0-33 (0-31-0-37) mm. long, about 1-2 times length of 4 + 5, about i-i times length of labrum ; 2 ascoids on segments 3-15, that on 4 is about 0-25 length of segment ; a papilla on 3-5. Palpal ratio 10 : 10-0 : 6-8 : 20-2 ; segment 3 with inward bend at 0-7. Wing length 2-30 (2-08 2-52) mm., width 0-62 (0-56-0-69) mm. ; R z is 1-5 (1-3 1*7) times length of R 2 +3 ', RI apex is 0-2 (0-1-0-3) length of R v Basistyle 0-30 (0-28-0-34) mm - l n g : with basal process about 0-08 mm. long and 0-03 mm. wide, bearing on its distal third a thick brush of long downward-curving hairs, the most proximal ones being ventral. Dististyle 0-17 (o- 16-0-19) mm. long, more than half length of basistyle and about 4 to 6 times as long as its own width ; with a thick terminal spine, another at 0-8, and a thick and a thin spine at 0-4. Paramere with flat elliptical upper surface. Aedeagus short and conical, with blunt end. Surstyle 0-35(0-32-0-39) mm. long. Genital pump about 0-17 mm. long, filaments about 1-5 times this length. Holotype <. WEST PAKISTAN : Said Pur, 21. v. 1959 (H. C. Burnett], in. B.M. (N.H.). Paratypes : WEST PAKISTAN : Rawalpindi and Said Pur, 9 <$, in B.M. (N.H.) ; Said Pur, i $, in U.S. National Museum ; I <$ in Jerusalem. i6 D. J. LEWIS FIGS. 2-9. Phlebotomus papatasi, 3, $, 2, 4, <. 2, base of hair from first coxa ; 3, ci- barium ; 4, labrum. P. alexandri, <$. 5, labrum. P. nuri, <$. 6, cibarium ; 7, terminalia. P. sergenti, $. 8, semidiagrammatic optical section of cibarium. Lut- zomyia panamensis (Shannon) (American), $. 9, the same for comparison. PHLEBOTOMINE SAND-FLIES OF WEST PAKISTAN 17 Distribution. Present survey : Rawalpindi and Said Pur. This species has a longer dististyle than that of P. caucasicus and is related to P. andrejevi Shakirsjanova (discussed by Theodor & Mesghali, 1964) from which it differs in the relation of antennal segment 3 to 4+5, the relatively short palpal segment 4, the arrangement, length and curvature of hairs on the process of the basistyle, and the long narrow dististyle with a slightly different arrangement of spines. Specimens examined, n <$ from Rawalpindi and Said Pur (10 measured). This species is named in honour of Lieut. Col. Nur Ahmad. Phlebotomus (Paraphlebotomus) sergenti Parrot (Text-fig. 8) Phlebotomus sergenti Parrot, 1917, Bull. Soc. Path. exot. 10 : 564. The cibarium of both sexes is very like that of P. papatasi but the teeth are smaller and less scattered. The labral crest of the male is like that of P. alexandri. Distribution. Newstead & Sinton (1921) : Dera Ismail Khan. Sinton (1922) : Lahore. Sinton (19246) : rare and localized ; very localized at Lahore ; Quetta. Sinton (1927^) : Chitral, Landi Kotal. Sinton (1929) : Sukkur. Sinton (1932) : in the Indo-Pakistan subcontinent it is apparently confined to the plains north- west of a line between Bombay and Simla, and it and P. papatasi are found under similar conditions. Sinton's notes : Cherat, Jhelum, Shikarpur, Tank. Present survey : Chilas, Gilgit, Gol, Gwadi, Keris, Mir Muhammad, Parkuta, Peshawar, Rawalpindi, Said Pur, Taxila. Phlebotomus (Larroussius) kandelakii burneyi subsp. n. (Text-figs. 10-14) Phlebotomus kandelakii Shurenkova ; Barnett & Suyemoto, 1961 : 616 ; Nasir, 1964 : 26. $. The petioles of many of the scales are distinctive owing to their transparency in contrast to the rest of the scale. Cibarium without denticles, distinct chitinous arch, or a visible hind margin of the ventral plate ; dorsal wall with 2 folds. Pharyngeal armature occupying the hind 0-28 of the pharynx, anterior teeth scale-like and bearing spicules, the rest are small denticles. Labrum 0-28 (0-27-0-29) mm. long. Antennal segment 3 is 0-265 (0-24-0-30) mm. long, 1-2 (1-2-1-3) times length of 4 + 5, same length (o-8-i-o) as labrum ; 2 ascoids on segments 3-15, that on 4 being 0-35 (0-3-0-4) length of segment ; i papilla on segments 3-5. Palpal ratio about 10 : 8 : 7 : 21. Wing length 2-35 (2-29-2-46) mm., width 0-68 (0-63-0-72) mm. ; R 2 is 2-0 (1-8-2-3) times length of R 2+3 ; # x apex is 0-3 (0-3-0-4) length of R 2 . Spermatheca narrow at ends and with long neck and about 30-35 segments which merge gradually into ill-defined rings on the duct ; duct wide and thin-walled at its hind end ; posterior edges of furca meeting at an acute angle. <. Scale petioles and cibarium as in female. Pharynx with smaller armature. Labrum 0-22 (0-20-0-24) mm - l n g ' transparent part of crest short and low, with an ill-defined curved summit and a few distal spicules. Antennal segment 3 is 0-31 (0-26-0-33) mm. long, i-i times length of 4 + 5, i'4 (i'3-i'5) times length of labrum ; ascoids paired on segments 3-7, single on ENTOM. 19, i. 2 i8 D. J. LEWIS 8-15, that on 4 being 0-2 (0-2-0-3) length of segment. Palpal ratio 10 : 8-5 : 8 : 21. Wing length 2-02 (1-81-2-07) mm., width 0-53 (0-45-0-57) mm. ; R 2 is 1-8 (1-3-2-1) times length of R 2+s ; R! apex is 0-3 (0-2-0-4) length of R 2 . Basistyle about 0-31 mm. long, with about 20, not very long, ventral non-deciduous hairs. Dististyle about 0-16 mm. long, about half length of basistyle, with 2 terminal spines, i spine at 0-5, and 2 at 0-75. Paramere light brown, with a short sub-basal ventral process bearing about 7 spines, a narrow neck and, on the distal half, a grey nearly smooth ventral flange ; depth of distal part about 0-32 of distance from its tip to tip of process (about 0-22 in P. k. kandelakii). Aedeagus long, with a blunt transparent tip and a row of very fine ventral teeth which are mainly on the basal half. Genital pump about 0-15 mm. long, filaments about 3-6 times as long. Surstyle about 0-34 mm. long. Holotype <. WEST PAKISTAN: Gwadi, 25. vi. 1959 (M. /. Burney), in B.M. (N.H.). Paratypes : WEST PAKISTAN : Gwadi, Kalam, Kens and Parkuta, 6 $, 13 $ in B.M. (N.H.) : Keris, i $, 3 <$, in U. S. National Museum, Washington. Distribution. Present survey : Gwadi, Kalam (2,070 metres), Keris (house in evening), Parkuta. 10 14 FIGS. 10-14. Phlebotomus kandelakii burneyi, n, 12, $, 10, 13, 14, <$. 10, base of hair from first coxa ; n, cibarium; 12, spermatheca ; 13, labrum : 14, terminalia. PHLEBOTOMINE SAND-FLIES OF WEST PAKISTAN 19 This form differs from P. k. kandelakii in the deeper distal part of the paramere. Further study is needed to show if slight differences in the pharyngeal armature, the ascoid distribution in the male, and the position of teeth on the aedeagus are significant. On the average, the labrum of P. k. burneyi is relatively short, palpal segment 5 is long, R z is relatively long in the female, and non-deciduous hairs of the style are more numerous than in P. k. kandelakii. The tip of the aedeagus resembles that of a male taken by Shurenkova at Tiflis in 1930. Specimens measured. 6 ? and 10 <$ from Gwadi and Keris. This form is named in honour of Lieut. Col. M. I. Burney. Phlebotomus (Larroussius) keshishiani Shurenkova (Text-figs. 15-19) Phlebotomus keshishiani Shurenkova, 1936, Med. Parasit. 5 : 922 ; Theodor, 1958 : 24 ; Theodor & Mesghali, 1964 : 291. . A very large pale sand-fly. Cibarium with delicate lateral spicules which merge into a small ventral group of minute spicules ; chitinous arch absent ; ventral plate without definite hind margin ; 2 dorsal bulges present. Pharyngeal armature composed of anterior scales and posterior punctiform teeth. Labrum 0-38 mm. long. Antennal segment 3 is 0-34 mm. long, 1-3 times length of 4 + 5, 0-9 length of labrum ; ascoid 0-4 length of segment 4. Palpal ratio 10 : 8 : 7. Wing length 2-90 mm., width 0-85 mm. ; R 2 is 1-7 times length of R z+3 ', R^ apex is 0-2 length of R z . Spermatheca with about 18 segments, conical, narrowing towards duct ; end process relatively short, about 3 times as long as wide. <$. Cibarium very like that of female. Pharynx armed with punctiform teeth and a few scales in front of them. Labrum 0-34 (0-30-0-38) mm. long, crest with rounded non-projecting summit, terminal spicules, and a small basal bulge. Antennal segment 3 is 0-47 (0-40-0-57) mm. long, 1-3 (1-1-1-5) times length of 4 + 5, 1-4 (1-3-1-6) times length of labrum ; ascoids paired on 3-8, single on 9, that on 4 being 0-3 (0-3-0-4) length of the segment. Palpal ratio about 10 : 9 : 7 : 21. Wing with rather straight front margin, length 2-89 (2-42-3-29) mm., width 0-82 (0-70-0-97) mm. ; R 2 is 1-8 (1-4-2-2) times length of R 2+a ', RI apex is 0-2 (0-2-0-4) length of R 2 . Basistyle about 0-44 mm. long, with about 30 non-deciduous hairs. Dististyle about 0-22 mm. long, with 2 spines terminal, 2 at 0-7, and one at 0-5. Aedeagus conical with extremely narrow rounded tip. Genital pump about 0-16 mm. long, filaments about 8 times as long. Paramere with scattered ventral hairs beyond basal bulge, distal part slightly deeper than neck and grey along its lower surface. Surstyle about 0-43 mm. long. Professor O. Theodor has identified this form by comparing it with Russian specimens. The above description tallies fairly well with his, but the Pakistan speci- mens are relatively large and have a different ascoid distribution, and the relative lengths of the palpal segments may indicate some variation. P. keshishiani differs from P. smirnovi Perfil'ev (1941) in having long spermathecal ducts and genital filaments, a large area of pharyngeal teeth, and other features. In Theodor's (1958) key to the males of Palaearctic Phlebotomus, P. keshishiani would run to couplet 16, differing from the other species indicated in the combination of blunt aedeagus, without lateral teeth, and long genital filaments. Specimens examined, I $ and 20 <$ (10 <$ measured). Distribution. Present survey : Gilgit, Parkuta, Rawalpindi, Said Pur. 20 D. J. LEWIS 18 FIGS. 15-19. Phlebotomus keshishiani, 15, 16, $, 17-19, $ 15, cibarium ; 16, sperm- mathecae ; 17, labrum ; 18, wing ; 19, terminalia. PHLEBOTOMINE SAND-FLIES OF WEST PAKISTAN 21 Phlebotomus (Larroussius) major major Annandale (Text-fig. 20) Phlebotomus major Annandale, 1910, Rec. Ind. Mus, 4 : 46 ; Quate, 19626 ; Theodor, 1958 ; Theodor & Mesghali, 1964 : 281. cJ. No females were seen. Some particulars of males are as follows (10 from Said Pur measured). Cibarium with scarcely visible lateral spicules, 2 dorsal bulges, and no visible chitinous arch or hind margin to ventral plate. Labrum 0-28 (0-25-0-31) mm. long ; crest with small basal bulge, slightly rounded non-projecting summit, and terminal spicules. Antennal segment 3 is 0-40 (0-35-0-48) mm. long, 1-2 (1-1-1-3) times length of 4 + 5, 1-5 (1-4-1-5) times length of labrum ; ascoids paired on segments 3-8, single on 9, that on 3 being about 0-3 (0-3-0-4) length of segment. Palpal ratio about 10 : 9 : 7 : 18 ; segment 3 is 1-2 (1-0-1-3) times length of 2. Wing length 2-44 (2-23-2-81) mm., width 0-70 (0-63-0-86) mm. ; R z is 1-9 (1-5-2-2) times length of R 2 +s ; R t apex is 0-2 (0-2-0-3) length of R t . Basistyle about 0-38 mm. long. Dististyle about 0-19 mm. long. Genital pump about 0-15 mm. long, filaments some 4-3 times this length. Surstyle about 0-38 mm. long. The relative lengths of palpal segments 2 and 3 suggest that the West Pakistan form has some affinity to P. m. syriacus Adler and Theodor, but it is treated as P. m. major in view of the degree of variation. P. m. major and P. chinensis vary in colour (Sinton, 19286). Type. $ lectotype, Naini Tal, India ; in Zoological Survey of India (Quate, 19626). Distribution. Sinton (1932) : it seems to be essentially a hill species in the Indo-Pakistan subcontinent where it occurs in areas some 1,500 to 2,100 metres up where there is marked rainfall in summer, apparently existing all along the Himalayan foothills. Present survey : Abbottabad, Rawalpindi, Said Pur. Phlebotomus (Larroussius) sp. A (Text-figs. 21, 22) $. Cibarium with rows of lateral spicules but no ventral ones, chitinous arch absent, ventral plate without definite hind margin, 2 dorsal bulges present. Pharynx very like that of P. m. major. Labrum 0-43 mm. long. Antennae, palps and wings missing. Spermatheca narrow at each end, with about 21 segments and a rather long thick-walled neck which is very narrow where it joins the terminal segment ; ducts very long and narrow. The one available specimen was taken in a house collection at Said Pur on 21. v. 1959 (H. C. Barnett] together with a male of P. m. major, but it does not seem to belong to that species. Phlebotomus (Adlerius) chinensis longiductus Parrot (Text-figs. 23-33) Phlebotomus chinensis ; Sinton, 19286 : 306, [in part] ; Adler & Theodor, 1929, [in part]. Phlebotomus major var. longiductus Parrot, 1928, Archs Inst. Pasteur Alger. 6 : 29. Phlebotomus chinensis var. longiductus ; Theodor, 1948 : 107 ; Theodor & Mesghali, 1964 : 293. Phlebotomus chinensis hindustanicus Theodor, 1958 : 29, syn. n. Phlebotomus chinensis longiductus ; Theodor, 1958 : 29. 22 D. J. LEWIS FIGS. 20-35. Phlebotomus major, $. 20, aedeagus. P. sp. A, $. 21, abdominal sternite 2 ; 22, spermatheca. P. chinensis longiductus, 23, , 24-33, . Cibarium with about 30 nearly uniform teeth on a posteriorly concave line, the outer ones visibly pointed ; about 10 small punctiform teeth present; pigment patch broad, short and very dark ; chitinous arch absent; lateral walls of narrow part of cibarium dark, with irregular inward surfaces. Pharynx 1-3-1-8 times as long as hind width, with sharply defined deeply notched posterior outline. Labrum 0-14 (0-13-0-15) mm. long. Antennal segment 3 is 0-09 (0-08-0-09) mm. long, shorter than 4 + 5, 0-6 (0-6-0-7) length of labrum ; ascoid about 0-4 length of segment 4. Palpal formula i-2-(3~4)-5 or 1-2-3-4-5 ; ratio about 10 : 12 : 13. Wing length 1-40 (1-21-1-50) mm., width 0-31 (0-28-0-33) rnm. ; R z 0-6 (0-4-0-9) length of -^2+3 I ^i apex 0-2 (0-1-0-4) length of R 2 . Spermathecae tubular with delicate ducts. cj. Cibarium with about 20 nearly equal pointed teeth, which appear blunt in their normal position, and a few small punctiform teeth ; pigment patch variable, usually short, broad and rather pale ; chitinous arch absent. Pharynx with faint scaly sculpturing. Labrum 0-13 (0-12-0-14) mm. long, with some spicules on its basal bulge, and a pubescent truncated crest. Antennal segment 3 is o-io (0-09-0-11) mm. long, shorter than 4 + 5, 0-8 (0-7-0-8) length of labrum ; ascoid about 0-3 length of segment 4. Wing length 1-35 (1-28-1-47) mm., width 0-27 (0-25-0-29) mm. Abdominal tergite 6 very large. Dististyle with 4 apical spines, and seta at 28 D. J. LEWIS about 0-7. Aedeagus thick and curved, with rounded end ; genital filaments about 3-5 times pump length ; paramere with beak-like apex. Specimens examined. Many from Dera Ismail Khan, Lahore, Peshawar and Rawalpindi areas, 10 $ and 10 measured. Form deccanensis appears to be a synonym, because the pharynx of the female is like that of West Pakistan specimens, the greater length of antennal segment 3 is largely due to differences in body size, and the relative length of the dististyle is within the range of variation seen in West Pakistan. Distribution. Qutubuddin (1951) : Kohat area. B.M. (N.H.) : Dera Ismail Khan, Jhelum, Khanki, Lahore, Peshawar. Present survey : Mangowol, Said Pur Shahzada. Sergentomyia (Parrotomyid) africana asiatica (Theodor) Phlebotomus africanus ; Sinton, 1932 : 61, 71 [Sind] ; 1933^ : 422. Phlebotomus africanus var. asiaticus Theodor, 1933, Bull. ent. Res. 24 : 541 [Israel] ; 1952, Istanb. Univ. Fen Fak. Mecm. (B) 17 : 116 [relation to Israel form unknown]. Sergentomyia africana var. asiatica (Theodor), 1948 : no [Israel, N.-W. India] ; 1958 : 43. Sergentomyia africana asiatica (Theodor, 1958). Specimens presented to the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) by Sinton probably came from West Pakistan and accord with Theodor 's descriptions. He differentiated S. a. asiatica from the African form now known as S. a. magna by the absence in asiatica of punctiform cibarial teeth and the presence of more (45-50) horizontal teeth and few, long, pharyngeal teeth. Sinton's drawings show 38 and 48 horizontal teeth, respectively, in the two forms. Examination of S. a. magna from several areas shows that many specimens have about 50 horizontal teeth and no definite vertical ones, but S. a. asiatica can still be distinguished by its pharyngeal teeth. The labrum of the male in 5. a. africana Newstead (Text-fig. 49) and S. a. asiatica has a tapering crest. Types. Types or syntypes in Jerusalem. Distribution. Sinton's notes : Rhedia (near Larkana), Kandhkot, Shikarpur, all between 1930 and 1932. Sergentomyia (Parrotomyid) babu (Annandale) (Text-figs. 50-59) Phlebotomus babu Annandale, 1910, Rec. Indian Mus. 4 : 49 ; Sinton, 1932 : 60 ; 1933^ : 422 ; Theodor, 1938 : 261 ; Quate, 19626 : 157. Phlebotomus minutus var. niger ; Sinton, 1927, Indian J. med. Res. 15 : 31. $. Cibarium with about 30 nearly equal pointed teeth, the outer 12 or 13 on each side nearly parallel to each other and pointing slightly inward ; ventral plate often dark grey posteriorly, with a deep median notch of variable shape ; on each side of this notch the margin of the ventral plate is divided into a lower surface, with one or more protrusions, and an upper surface, PHLEBOTOMINE SAND-FLIES OF WEST PAKISTAN 53 O-OS MM CM MM FIGS. 50-64. Sergentomyia babu, 50-54, $, 55-59, 6*- 5. head ; 51, cibarium ; 52, pharynx ; 53, spermatheca ; 54, spermathecae in end view ; 55, cibarium ; 56, pharynx ; 57, abdomen ; 58, terminalia ; 59, genital filament. S. baghdadis, 60-62, , 63, 64,